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taking other people into consideration, a kind of empathy…I may not
have been particularly empathetic before…but maybe now I can say
that I’ve learned something about this…maybe my work as a special
education teacher that has taught me to understand those who are
different. I trained as a special needs education teacher after 15–20 years
of working as a class teacher.
• A superintendent:
Goodness, beauty, and truth are basic values which are taken into practice
through leadership, rules, and strategies.
• A teacher in a comprehensive school:
To respect life, animals, and other people—this is what I try to teach to
my students. Good manners and behavior are the first things to be taught
to primary school students.
The respondents’ answers and value conceptions were accepted as research
material as such, without raising any questions about the respondents’ motives. I
analyzed and categorized a total of 226 answers (Table 1) using a phenomenographic
approach. The result was 26 value conceptions, condensed —or reduced—from 226
original expressions. The 26 value conceptions were then grouped further according
to different viewpoints.

Table 1
Conceptions of Values

Value Number Value Number
Respect for others 44 Rules 4
Fairness, justice 30 Leisure, culture 3
Work 29 Truth 3

Honesty 27 Optimism 3
Home, religion, fatherland 15 Responsibility 3
Candor 12 An ordinary person’s good life 2
Nature, environment 6 Mental development 2
Trust 6 Beauty 2
Self-esteem 6 Courage 2
Tolerance 6 Resilience 2
Empathy 5 Humor 2
Goodness 5 Emotional intelligence 1
Safety 4 Creativeness 1

I then accomplished more condensation by grouping—or clustering—the
identified conceptions. The four broader groups with new titles are presented in
Figure 3.

18 The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin: International Journal for Professional Educators